Python 包 matplotlib 安装的一些问题

Python 的 matplotlib 在安装的过程中一直无法解决 freetype2 自动下载的问题，导致始终安装不成功。

Python-3.10.16 通过本地（或者是在线）方式安装 matplotlib-3.10.0 的时候，发现对应 freetype2、qhull 通过对应的 URL 无法正常下载，以至于 matplotlib 一直安装不成功，详细信息如下面代码所示。

$ pip3 install .
Looking in indexes: https://pypi.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/simple
Processing /bioinfo/src/py/matplotlib-3.10.0
  Installing build dependencies ... done
  Getting requirements to build wheel ... done
  Installing backend dependencies ... done
  Preparing metadata (pyproject.toml) ... error
  error: subprocess-exited-with-error

  × Preparing metadata (pyproject.toml) did not run successfully.
  │ exit code: 1
  ╰─> [48 lines of output]
      + meson setup /bioinfo/src/py/matplotlib-3.10.0 /bioinfo/src/py/matplotlib-3.10.0/.mesonpy-smx69lrx -Dbuildtype=release -Db_ndebug=if-release -Db_vscrt=md --native-file=/bioinfo/src/py/matplotlib-3.10.0/.mesonpy-smx69lrx/meson-python-native-file.ini
      The Meson build system
      Version: 1.7.0
      Source dir: /bioinfo/src/py/matplotlib-3.10.0
      Build dir: /bioinfo/src/py/matplotlib-3.10.0/.mesonpy-smx69lrx
      Build type: native build
      Program python3 found: YES (/bioinfo/software/Python-3.10.16/bin/python3)
      Project name: matplotlib
      Project version: 3.10.0
      C compiler for the host machine: cc (gcc 4.4.7 "cc (GCC) 4.4.7 20120313 (Red Hat 4.4.7-4)")
      C linker for the host machine: cc ld.bfd 2.20.51.0.2-5
      C++ compiler for the host machine: c++ (gcc 4.4.7 "c++ (GCC) 4.4.7 20120313 (Red Hat 4.4.7-4)")
      C++ linker for the host machine: c++ ld.bfd 2.20.51.0.2-5
      Host machine cpu family: x86_64
      Host machine cpu: x86_64
      Program python found: YES (/bioinfo/software/Python-3.10.16/bin/python3.10)
      Found pkg-config: YES (/usr/bin/pkg-config) 0.23
      Run-time dependency python found: YES 3.10
      pybind11-config found: YES (/tmp/pip-build-env-gf0psrg8/overlay/bin/pybind11-config) 2.13.6
      Run-time dependency pybind11 found: YES 2.13.6
      Downloading freetype-2.6.1 source from https://download.savannah.gnu.org/releases/freetype/freetype-old/freetype-2.6.1.tar.gz
      <urlopen error [SSL: CERTIFICATE_VERIFY_FAILED] certificate verify failed: unable to get local issuer certificate (_ssl.c:1007)>
      WARNING: failed to download with error: could not get https://download.savannah.gnu.org/releases/freetype/freetype-old/freetype-2.6.1.tar.gz is the internet available?. Trying after a delay...
      <urlopen error [SSL: CERTIFICATE_VERIFY_FAILED] certificate verify failed: unable to get local issuer certificate (_ssl.c:1007)>
      WARNING: failed to download with error: could not get https://download.savannah.gnu.org/releases/freetype/freetype-old/freetype-2.6.1.tar.gz is the internet available?. Trying after a delay...
      <urlopen error [SSL: CERTIFICATE_VERIFY_FAILED] certificate verify failed: unable to get local issuer certificate (_ssl.c:1007)>
      WARNING: failed to download with error: could not get https://download.savannah.gnu.org/releases/freetype/freetype-old/freetype-2.6.1.tar.gz is the internet available?. Trying after a delay...
      <urlopen error [SSL: CERTIFICATE_VERIFY_FAILED] certificate verify failed: unable to get local issuer certificate (_ssl.c:1007)>
      WARNING: failed to download with error: could not get https://download.savannah.gnu.org/releases/freetype/freetype-old/freetype-2.6.1.tar.gz is the internet available?. Trying after a delay...
      <urlopen error [SSL: CERTIFICATE_VERIFY_FAILED] certificate verify failed: unable to get local issuer certificate (_ssl.c:1007)>
      WARNING: failed to download with error: could not get https://download.savannah.gnu.org/releases/freetype/freetype-old/freetype-2.6.1.tar.gz is the internet available?. Trying after a delay...
      <urlopen error [SSL: CERTIFICATE_VERIFY_FAILED] certificate verify failed: unable to get local issuer certificate (_ssl.c:1007)>
      Downloading freetype-2.6.1 source from https://downloads.sourceforge.net/project/freetype/freetype2/2.6.1/freetype-2.6.1.tar.gz
      <urlopen error [SSL: CERTIFICATE_VERIFY_FAILED] certificate verify failed: unable to get local issuer certificate (_ssl.c:1007)>
      WARNING: failed to download with error: could not get https://downloads.sourceforge.net/project/freetype/freetype2/2.6.1/freetype-2.6.1.tar.gz is the internet available?. Trying after a delay...
      <urlopen error [SSL: CERTIFICATE_VERIFY_FAILED] certificate verify failed: unable to get local issuer certificate (_ssl.c:1007)>
      WARNING: failed to download with error: could not get https://downloads.sourceforge.net/project/freetype/freetype2/2.6.1/freetype-2.6.1.tar.gz is the internet available?. Trying after a delay...
      <urlopen error [SSL: CERTIFICATE_VERIFY_FAILED] certificate verify failed: unable to get local issuer certificate (_ssl.c:1007)>
      WARNING: failed to download with error: could not get https://downloads.sourceforge.net/project/freetype/freetype2/2.6.1/freetype-2.6.1.tar.gz is the internet available?. Trying after a delay...
      <urlopen error [SSL: CERTIFICATE_VERIFY_FAILED] certificate verify failed: unable to get local issuer certificate (_ssl.c:1007)>
      WARNING: failed to download with error: could not get https://downloads.sourceforge.net/project/freetype/freetype2/2.6.1/freetype-2.6.1.tar.gz is the internet available?. Trying after a delay...
      <urlopen error [SSL: CERTIFICATE_VERIFY_FAILED] certificate verify failed: unable to get local issuer certificate (_ssl.c:1007)>
      WARNING: failed to download with error: could not get https://downloads.sourceforge.net/project/freetype/freetype2/2.6.1/freetype-2.6.1.tar.gz is the internet available?. Trying after a delay...
      <urlopen error [SSL: CERTIFICATE_VERIFY_FAILED] certificate verify failed: unable to get local issuer certificate (_ssl.c:1007)>

      ../extern/meson.build:18:18: ERROR: could not get https://downloads.sourceforge.net/project/freetype/freetype2/2.6.1/freetype-2.6.1.tar.gz is the internet available?

      A full log can be found at /bioinfo/src/py/matplotlib-3.10.0/.mesonpy-smx69lrx/meson-logs/meson-log.txt
      [end of output]

  note: This error originates from a subprocess, and is likely not a problem with pip.
error: metadata-generation-failed

× Encountered error while generating package metadata.
╰─> See above for output.

note: This is an issue with the package mentioned above, not pip.
hint: See above for details.

[notice] A new release of pip is available: 23.0.1 -> 25.0.1
[notice] To update, run: pip3 install --upgrade pip

对于这种情况，可以： 1. 根据提示给出的 URL 下载好相应的依赖（这个 URL 也可以在 matplotlib-3.10.0/subprojects/*.wrap 中找到），并把依赖包保存的服务器任何一个目录下。 - freetype-2.6.1.wrap：/bioinfo/src/py/freetype-2.6.1.tar.gz； - qhull.wrap：/bioinfo/src/py/qhull-8.0.2.tar.gz

  1. 修改 matplotlib-3.10.0/subprojects/*.wrap。

  2. freetype-2.6.1.wrap 

    [wrap-file]
source_url = file:///bioinfo/src/py/freetype-2.6.1.tar.gz
source_fallback_url = file:///bioinfo/src/py/freetype-2.6.1.tar.gz
source_filename = freetype-2.6.1.tar.gz
source_hash = 0a3c7dfbda6da1e8fce29232e8e96d987ababbbf71ebc8c75659e4132c367014

patch_directory = freetype-2.6.1-meson

[provide]
freetype-2.6.1 = freetype_dep

  3. qhull.wrap 

    [wrap-file]
# Also bump the cache key in `.circleci/config.yml`.
# Also update the docs in `docs/devel/dependencies.rst`.
directory = qhull-8.0.2
source_url = file:///bioinfo/src/py/qhull-8.0.2.tar.gz
source_filename = qhull-8.0.2.tgz
source_hash = 8774e9a12c70b0180b95d6b0b563c5aa4bea8d5960c15e18ae3b6d2521d64f8b

patch_directory = qhull-8.0.2

  4. 最后，再次执行安装。 

    pip3 install .
    pip3-matplotlib